How Do Anti-Ageing Serum Products Work?

 

6-minute read

 

Skin changes naturally over time. As the skin ages, it loses moisture, elasticity, and firmness. Fine lines, uneven texture, and dullness can also become more noticeable. However, the rate at which these changes happen depends on genetics, lifestyle, mindset and environmental exposure. Because of these changes, people explore skincare products designed to support ageing skin, including serums.

An anti-aging serum is typically a lightweight skincare product formulated with concentrated active ingredients. These products are designed to absorb quickly into the skin and target specific concerns such as dryness, wrinkles, uneven skin texture and tone, as well as sebaceous gland regulation.

Understanding how these serums work can help consumers make informed skincare choices. This article explains the science behind serum products, the ingredients commonly used, and how they may support healthier-looking skin over time.

What Is an Anti-Ageing Serum?

An anti ageing serum is a concentrated skincare formulation, often in a light texture, designed to deliver active ingredients directly to the deeper layers of the skin. Unlike heavier creams, serum products often contain smaller molecules that allow ingredients to penetrate more effectively.

Serum products can be both water- and oil-based. The water-based tend to be lightweight in texture, making them suitable for layering under moisturisers and sunscreens. Depending on the formulation, a serum for aging skin may focus on hydration, collagen and skin barrier support, a source of future-proofing antioxidants or a mix of these.

Why Serums Are Different From Moisturisers

Although both products support skin health, they serve different purposes.

Product Type	Main Purpose	Texture	Typical Ingredients
Serum	Targets specific skin concerns. Can be used intermittently, as needed.	Lightweight	Active ingredients, antioxidants, peptides.
Moisturiser	Locks in hydration and protects skin barrier from loss of moisture. For ongoing use.	Can be richer in texture.	Emollients, nourishing oils and extracts, humectants.

Hydration serums, for example, can be used before moisturisers to increase moisture content the skin.

How Skin Changes With Age

To understand how anti wrinkle skincare products work, it helps to first recognise the key aspects of the ageing process.

Reduced Collagen Production

Collagen and elastin are structural proteins that help to maintain the skin firmness and resilience. But in general you only hear reference to collagen as this is a larger and more abundant protein. As we age, collagen (and elastin) production naturally slow down. Environmental factors such as UV exposure and pollution also contribute to collagen breakdown.

This reduction in collagen (and elastin) is responsible for:

• Fine lines and wrinkles

• Loss of firmness

• Reduced elasticity

• Ultimately the appearance of thinner-looking skin

• Loss of what we perceive as the "youthful glow"

Decreased Hydration

Ageing skin retains less moisture. This is the result of changes in the skin barrier and the decline of the levels of natural moisturising factors.

Skin dryness can show in a variety of ways, making wrinkles appear more visible as well as contributing to rough, flaky or uneven texture. This is largely because the decrease in skin moisture interferes with the sloughing off mechanism of older skin cells on the surface of the skin, the epidermis.

Besides, the longer these cells (keratinocytes) remain on the skin, the flatter they become, contributing to what we see as a dull skin tone. With time, as these cells remain on the surface, the skin texture becomes more uneven, and dullness overrides the youthful skin glow.

Slower Skin Renewal

To add insult to injury, skin cell turnover slows down with time, and this shows in a number of ways.

In the first 3 decades of our life, skin cell renewal happens on average every 28 days. However, as we approach our 40s, this renewal cycle slows down such that what use to take 28 days could take 60 days or more.

So, young skin is characterised by a healthy pump epidermis, that renews roughly every 4 weeks, with the surface cells being shed efficiently, allowing newly formed cells from the germinal layer to travel to the surface of the epidermis.

As we age, this cycle becomes less efficient and instead of every 4 weeks, the cells on the surface might only get shed every 6 weeks. Since the longer the surface cells stay on the epidermis, the duller our skin looks, now you can understand why slower skin renewal and decreased skin moisture are the ideal recipe for dull skin, uneven skin tone and loss of our youthful glow.

This is the reason why serum formulations aim to support the functional maintenance of these natural processes through targeted ingredients of specific skin components.

How Anti-Ageing Serums Work

Anti ageing serum products work by delivering ingredients that support hydration, skin renewal, and overall skin function. Different products rely on either delivery mechanisms of specific actives or on selective ingredient-based functionality. The benefits of these products leverage the formulation design.

The improvement as a result of these formulations depend on matching the best formulation with the relevant skin concern that needs to be addressed.

Supporting Hydration

One of the main functions of hydration serum products is to improve moisture levels within the skin.

Ingredients such as hyaluronic acid act as humectants, attracting water to the skin’s surface. Well-hydrated skin appears smoother and more supple.

Benefits of hydration-focused serums may include:

• Improved skin softness

• Reduced appearance of dryness

• Temporary plumping effect

• Smoother skin texture

Supporting the Skin Barrier

An intact skin barrier is absolutely essential to protect against moisture loss, pathogens penetrating the skin damage from environmental stressors. When the skin barrier becomes compromised, the skin can become inflamed, infected, dry, irritated, or sensitive, or a mixture of these.

Some serum for aging skin formulations include ingredients that help support barrier function, such as:

• Ceramides

• Niacinamide

• Fatty acids

• Botanical extracts

Supporting the barrier may help maintain healthier-looking skin over time.

So, what do each of these ingredients do?

1. Ceramides (Plant-Based Sources)

• The Functionality: Ceramides are essential sphingolipids that constitute roughly 50% of the intercellular lipid matrix in a healthy stratum corneum. While synthetic alternatives exist, specific plant-based oils (such as jojoba, wheat germ, oat, and rosehip oils) naturally deliver rich complexes of phytoceramides, phospholipids, and essential sterols that mirror the skin's own lipid architecture.

• The Anti-Aging Benefit: In aging skin, natural ceramide production drops dramatically, leading to structural micro-gaps that accelerate trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and allow environmental irritants to penetrate. Introducing plant-derived ceramide sources into a serum seals these microscopic gaps, restoring structural integrity to the skin barrier. This targeted lipid replenishment locks in deep hydration, plumping the skin from within to visibly soften the depth of dehydration lines and rough skin texture.

2. Niacinamide (Vitamin B3)

• The Functionality: Niacinamide is a highly stable, water-soluble vitamin that acts as a vital precursor to the cellular coenzymes NAD and NADP, which drive essential biochemical repair processes within the epidermis. Because it operates optimally at a skin-neutral pH (around 5.5 to 6.0), it integrates seamlessly into lightweight, non-acidic daily serum emulsions.

• The Anti-Aging Benefit: At a cellular level, Niacinamide significantly up-regulates the body's natural synthesis of ceramides, fatty acids, and structural proteins like keratin, effectively thickening and reinforcing a thinning epidermal barrier. Furthermore, it works to regulate sebum excretion rates to prevent pore stretching, while concurrently blocking the transfer of melanosomes to surrounding skin cells. This dual-action pathway reduces the appearance of hyperpigmentation (age spots) and environmental redness, leaving the skin texture refined, uniform, and resilient against environmental aging stressors.

3. Plant-Based Fatty Acids

• The Functionality: Plant-based fatty acids, specifically Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs) like Linoleic Acid (Omega-6), Alpha-Linolenic Acid (Omega-3) and Oleic Acid (Omega-9), cannot be manufactured by the human body and must be supplied topically and via our diet. Unlike heavy, synthetic mineral oils, these botanical lipids possess a fluid, low-molecular structure that allows them to readily assimilate into the skin’s lipid bilayer.

• The Anti-Aging Benefit: As skin matures, its natural fatty acid composition shifts, often resulting in a rigid, dry, and easily inflamed outer barrier. Topically applied plant fatty acids quickly restore this lost flexibility, reinforcing the cellular walls to boost overall skin bounce and suppleness. For combination or mature skin prone to adult blemishes, infusing a serum with high-linoleic botanical lipids actively rebalances the composition of natural sebum, preventing the thick, oxidized oil plugs that cause pore congestion and inflammatory aging.

4. Botanical Extracts (Targeted Phytochemicals)

• The Functionality: Premium botanical extracts deliver highly concentrated, standardized doses of bioactive phytochemicals, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids. When formulated correctly within a serum, these water- or lipid-soluble plant compounds act as highly targeted, bioavailable cellular protectors that reinforce the skin's internal defence networks.

• The Anti-Aging Benefit: The primary mission of botanical extracts in anti-aging chemistry is to interrupt the inflammatory cascade known as "inflammaging," which accelerates collagen breakdown. These phytochemicals serve as highly efficient free-radical scavengers, intercepting the environmental oxidative stress caused by UV light and pollution before it can damage structural tissue. By protecting existing collagen networks and soothing underlying redness, targeted botanical extracts help maintain a calm, firm, and structurally dense skin matrix.

Encouraging Skin Renewal

Certain ingredients in anti wrinkle skincare products are used to support natural skin renewal processes.

These ingredients may help improve the appearance of uneven texture and fine lines by encouraging exfoliation or supporting cellular turnover. However, these ingredients are known to lead to irritation and sensitivity, hence gradual use is often recommended. Besides, their use ought to be under the guidance of medical professionals rather than self-prescribed.

Examples of such ingredients include:

• Retinoids

• Mild exfoliating acids

• Enzyme-based ingredients

To avoid these issues, our recommendation bakuchiol serum is for the botanical alternative.

2. Bakuchiol

• The Functionality: A pure meroterpene phenol isolated from the seeds of the Psoralea corylifolia plant. While structurally distinct from retinoids, genomic profiling shows it targets identical cellular receptors and gene expression pathways to up-regulate collagen types I and IV.

• The Benefit: It accelerates epidermal cell turnover and smooths the appearance of fine lines without causing the characteristic peeling, redness, or dryness associated with traditional retinol. Additionally, it down-regulates the 5-α-reductase enzyme to help balance sebum quality and preserve pore clarity.

Providing Antioxidant Protection

Environmental exposure can contribute to oxidative stress in the skin. Antioxidants help neutralise free radicals that may damage skin cells.

Common antioxidants used in serums include:

• Vitamin C

• Vitamin E

• Green tea extract

• Coenzyme Q10

These ingredients are commonly included in collagen support skincare formulations. Key Functionality and Benefits of these ingredients are summarised below.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid and Stable Derivatives)

• The Functionality: Vitamin C is a premier water- and lipid-soluble antioxidant that works by donating electrons to neutralise singlet oxygen and hydroxyl free radicals generated by UV radiation and ozone pollution. In advanced serum products, this active ingredient serves as a primary biological shield, interrupting the oxidative chain reactions that lead to skin cell damage.

• The Anti-Aging Benefit: By intercepting environmental stressors before they cause cellular harm, Vitamin C prevents the degradation of existing structural tissue. Concurrently, it acts as an essential cofactor for the enzymes responsible for cross-linking collagen fibers, which directly restores structural density, minimises hyperpigmentation, and brightens mature skin.

Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

• The Functionality: Tocopherol is a heavy, oil-soluble antioxidant that naturally embeds itself directly within the lipid bilayer of the cellular membrane. It acts as a specialised fat-soluble scavenger, specifically engineered to halt the process of lipid peroxidation, which is the destructive oxidation of the skin's natural oils and fats.

• The Anti-Aging Benefit: As skin ages, lipid stability decreases, leading to a compromised, fragile skin barrier and accelerated deep wrinkling. When delivered via a high-performance serum, Vitamin E protects cell membranes from structural collapse, preserving barrier resilience and locking in moisture. Furthermore, it works in perfect harmony with Vitamin C, forming a recycling loop where Vitamin C regenerates spent Tocopherol molecules for continuous, long-term antioxidant protection.

Green Tea Extract (Camellia Sinensis Catechins)

• The Functionality: Green Tea Extract delivers a high concentration of polyphenols, most notably Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), which is a water-soluble phytochemical with exceptionally high antioxidant activity. This botanical complex suppresses cellular oxidative stress by modulating intracellular inflammatory pathways and chelating harmful trace heavy metals from pollution.

• The Anti-Aging Benefit: EGCG specifically targets and inhibits matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), the destructive enzymes that accelerate aging by breaking down structural collagen and elastin fibres. Incorporating this extract into an anti-aging serum helps preserve the skin's structural network, soothing underlying redness, calming environmental stress, and preventing premature skin sagging.

Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone)

• The Functionality: Coenzyme Q10 is a relatively large, endogenous lipophilic compound found naturally within the mitochondria of human skin cells, where it drives cellular energy (ATP) production. As an antioxidant, it moves freely through the skin’s lipid structures to directly neutralise free radicals and protect mitochondrial membranes from oxidative damage.

• The Anti-Aging Benefit: Natural levels of Coenzyme Q10 decline significantly with age and UV exposure, leading to sluggish cellular repair and a visible loss of skin vitality. Supplementing this active ingredient topically via a face serum re-energises tired skin cells, boosting their natural repair mechanisms to smooth fine lines. Its lipid-soluble nature makes it highly effective at protecting deeper skin layers from photo-aging, improving structural elasticity and overall skin tone.

Common Ingredients Found in Anti-Ageing Serums

Different serum products contain different ingredient combinations. Understanding their functions can help consumers choose products suited to their needs.

Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid is commonly used in hydration serums because of its ability to attract water.

• The Functionality: Hyaluronic Acid is a powerful, water-binding humectant capable of holding up to 1,000 times its weight in water within the extracellular matrix. It acts as a molecular sponge, instantly pulling moisture from the environment into the deeper layers of the epidermis to rapidly rehydrate the tissue.

• The Anti-Ageing Benefit: Natural moisture levels drop as skin ages, causing a deflated appearance, loss of elasticity, and pronounced fine lines. Supplementing the skin with Hyaluronic Acid instantly plumps the cellular structure, fills out surface wrinkles, and restores a bouncy, youthful volume while reinforcing the moisture barrier.

Peptides

Peptides are short chains of amino acids that support skin structure. There are many types. A summary on 3 commonly used peptides is shown below.

In collagen support skincare, peptides are commonly used to help improve the appearance of firmness and elasticity.

Peptide #1 (Matrixyl / Signal Peptide) 

• The Functionality: Matrixyl is a well-researched, nature-identical signal peptide that mimics the natural protein fragments your skin uses to manage its own upkeep. It communicates directly with skin cells, calmly prompting them to maintain their normal, healthy production of structural collagen and elastin.

• The Anti-Ageing Benefit: Rather than offering a temporary cosmetic illusion, Matrixyl supports the skin’s inherent renewal processes to gradually improve firmness and resilience. This steady, grounded approach helps smooth the appearance of fine lines over time, reinforcing the skin's foundation from within.

Peptide #3 (Expression-Line Relaxing Peptide)

• The Functionality: This clean-science peptide works gently at the surface level to ease the daily micro-tension caused by repetitive facial expressions. By encouraging the skin over these active areas to rest and relax, it reduces the mechanical stress placed on the skin's surface throughout the day.

• The Anti-Ageing Benefit: Constant movement eventually etches temporary expression lines into permanent static wrinkles. Relaxing this surface tension helps prevent those lines from deepening, allowing your skin to age gracefully with a smoother, calmer, and more rested appearance.

Peptide #7 (Enzyme Protective Peptide)

• The Functionality: This clean peptide acts as an environmental shield, quietly working to deactivate the specific enzymes that break down your skin's natural collagen support network. It safeguards your existing proteins against the daily degradation caused by UV rays and pollution.

• The Anti-Ageing Benefit: Protecting your skin's current collagen framework is just as vital as building new layers. By preventing premature breakdown, this peptide sustains your skin’s natural density, stops early structural thinning before it starts, and promotes long-term firmness and environmental resilience.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is an antioxidant frequently included in anti-ageing skincare products.

Why Vitamin C Is Used:

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid and Stable Derivatives)

• The Functionality: Vitamin C is a premier water- and lipid-soluble antioxidant that works by donating electrons to neutralize singlet oxygen and hydroxyl free radicals generated by UV radiation and ozone pollution. In advanced serum products, this active ingredient serves as a primary biological shield, interrupting the oxidative chain reactions that lead to skin cell damage.

• The Anti-Aging Benefit: By intercepting environmental stressors before they cause cellular harm, Vitamin C prevents the degradation of existing structural tissue. Concurrently, it acts as an essential cofactor for the enzymes responsible for cross-linking collagen fibers, which directly restores structural density, minimizes hyperpigmentation, and brightens mature skin.

Because vitamin C formulations can be unstable, packaging and formulation quality are important considerations.

Retinoids

Retinoids are synthetic vitamin A derivatives commonly used in skincare.

They are often included in serum for aging skin formulations because they support skin renewal to improve the appearance of fine lines.

Retinol (Synthetic Vitamin A)

• The Functionality: Retinol is a highly potent, synthetic vitamin A derivative that binds directly to retinoid receptors in the skin cells. It works through an aggressive cellular pathway to rapidly accelerate the skin's natural cell turnover cycle, pushing new cells to the surface while forcefully stimulating collagen production.

• The Anti-Ageing Benefit: While Retinol effectively smooths deep lines and fades dark spots, its intense mechanism frequently triggers a mandatory "retinisation" phase. This process often compromises the skin barrier, leading to undesirable side effects like severe dryness, peeling, redness, and high sun sensitivity.

At Azurlis we do not use Retinoids. Instead we use Bakuchiol.

Plant-Based Retinol Alternative

Bakuchiol (The Azurlis™ Botanical Alternative)

• The Functionality: Bakuchiol is a clean, plant-derived meroterpene extracted from the seeds of the Psoralea corylifolia (Babchi) plant. It is a gentle, biocompatible molecule that acts via a holistic, multi-pathway approach to stimulate collagen types I, III, and IV, while simultaneously acting as a broad-spectrum antioxidant and anti-inflammatory shield.

• The Anti-Ageing Benefit: Peer-reviewed clinical studies prove that Bakuchiol delivers identical anti-ageing results to retinol—visibly reducing wrinkle depth and hyperpigmentation—without any of the synthetic chemical drawbacks. Because it does not cause irritation or photosensitivity, it safely sustains skin density, calms redness, and can be worn comfortably both day and night.

Niacinamide

Niacinamide is a form of vitamin B3 that supports multiple skin functions.

Niacinamide (Vitamin B3)

• The Functionality: Niacinamide is a highly stable, water-soluble vitamin that acts as a vital precursor to the cellular coenzymes NAD and NADP, which drive essential biochemical repair processes within the epidermis. Because it operates optimally at a skin-neutral pH (around 5.5 to 6.0), it integrates seamlessly into lightweight, non-acidic daily serum emulsions.

• The Anti-Aging Benefit: At a cellular level, Niacinamide significantly up-regulates the body's natural synthesis of ceramides, fatty acids, and structural proteins like keratin, effectively thickening and reinforcing a thinning epidermal barrier. Furthermore, it works to regulate sebum excretion rates to prevent pore stretching, while concurrently blocking the transfer of melanosomes to surrounding skin cells. This dual-action pathway reduces the appearance of hyperpigmentation (age spots) and environmental redness, leaving the skin texture refined, uniform, and resilient against environmental aging stressors.

It is often included in gentle formulations suitable for sensitive skin.

How Long Do Anti-Ageing Serums Take to Work?

Results from anti aging serum products can vary depending on the formulation, skin type, and consistency of use.

Some hydration benefits may appear quickly, while changes related to texture or firmness often require more time.

Skin Concern	Approximate Timeframe
Hydration improvement	Days to 2 weeks
Texture refinement	4 to 8 weeks
Appearance of fine lines	8 to 12 weeks
Long-term skin support	Ongoing use

Consistency is generally important for maintaining visible results.

Choosing a Serum for Ageing Skin

Regardless of the serum targeting function, all Serum Products ought to be Fragrance-Free, including being Free of Essential Oils.

Serum products can be made for specific skin concerns, but some products have multiple functionality. Selecting a product often depends on individual skin concerns, sensitivities and convenience. The guidelines below are starting suggestions.

Always ensure that your skincare routine is underpinned by a healthy lifestyle and diet.

For Dry Skin

Hydration serums containing hyaluronic acid, ceramides, glycerin and peptides help support moisture retention.

For Uneven Skin Tone

Vitamin C and niacinamide are commonly used in formulations targeting dullness or uneven pigmentation. However, this type of serum should only be used for skin in the 30+ range.

For Fine Lines and Wrinkles

Bakuchiol and peptides are frequently used in anti wrinkle skincare products focused on texture and firmness.

For Sensitive Skin

Formulations with fewer active ingredients may help minimise irritation.

Patch testing new products may help reduce the likelihood of irritation.

How to Use an Anti-Ageing Serum

Correct application can help maximise the effectiveness of serum products.

Basic Serum Application Steps

1. Cleanse the skin

2. Apply serum to slightly damp skin

3. Allow the serum to absorb

4. Follow with moisturiser

5. Apply sunscreen during the day

Many serums are used once or twice daily depending on the ingredients.

Can Multiple Serums Be Used Together?

Although some people combine hydration serums with antioxidant or peptide formulations, and other ingredients, combining too many active ingredients can increase the risk of irritation

If the serum products have been formulated with multiple active ingredients, the manufacturer/brand application instructions should be followed carefully.

Ingredients That Often Work Well Together

• Hyaluronic acid, Bakuchiol and niacinamide

• Peptides and ceramides

• Vitamin C and Bakuchiol
  

• Peptides, Vitamin C and Bakuchiol
  

Always use sunscreen separately.

Ingredients That Ought to be Used With Dermatologist Supervision

• Retinoids

• Multiple highly active formulations

Lifestyle Factors That Affect Skin Ageing

While anti ageing serum products are formulated to support skin appearance, lifestyle habits have significant influence on skin health and accelerating ageing.

Factors That May Affect Skin Ageing

• Sun exposure

• Smoking

• Sleep quality

• Stress levels

• Nutrition

• Hydration

Daily sunscreen use remains one of the most widely recommended practices for protecting the skin from premature ageing.

Understanding Ingredient Labels

Reading ingredient labels can help consumers better understand what a serum contains.

Tips for Reading Skincare Labels

• Ingredients are usually listed in descending order by concentration.

• Active ingredients may be listed separately on the product list, in addition to being inserted in the correct order by concentration.

• Fragrance-free products are preferred for all skin types.

• Packaging can influence ingredient stability.

Consumers interested in which skincare ingredients correctly support skin function are advised to research the ingredients for scientifically validated evidence.

Contact Dr Fernanda (fernanda@azurlis.co.nz) with specific questions or queries on ingredients or products.

Skincare Routine Considerations

Serums are typically one part of a broader skincare routine. Cleansing, moisturising, and sun protection all contribute to overall skin health.

For those exploring serum products, understanding how ingredients interact with the skin will help support informed decisions.

Feel free to explore a range of serum formulations here: Azurlis Serum Products or contact Dr Fernanda with specific questions or queries on ingredients or products.

Conclusion

Anti-ageing serum products are formulated to support skin hydration, texture, and overall appearance through concentrated active ingredients. Depending on the formulation, these serums help support moisture retention, antioxidant protection, collagen-related processes, and skin barrier function.

Because skin changes differently from person to person, choosing a serum for aging skin often depends on individual concerns and skin sensitivity. Understanding ingredients and consistent skincare practices can help support healthier-looking skin over time.

For more information about skincare formulations and products, contact us at Azurlis.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does an anti-aging serum do?

An anti-aging serum is designed to deliver concentrated ingredients that support hydration, skin texture, and the appearance of ageing skin concerns such as fine lines and dryness.

Are hydration serums suitable for ageing skin?

Hydration serums are commonly used for ageing skin because they help support moisture balance and temporarily improve the appearance of fine lines, however to maintain smooth and supple skin the, product use needs to be ongoing.

How often should anti-ageing serums be used?

Usage depends on the formulation. Some serums are recommended for use either once or twice daily. In some instances, with very concentrated active ingredients, the recommendation may be for use only once weekly.

Can anti wrinkle skincare products replace moisturiser?

No, Serums and moisturisers serve different purposes. Serums target specific concerns, while moisturisers help seal in hydration and support the skin barrier.

What ingredients are commonly used in collagen support skincare?

Common ingredients include peptides, vitamin C, retinoids, and antioxidants that support skin structure and overall skin function.

Bibliography

Milosheska, D., Roskar, R. 2022. Use of Retinoids in Topical Antiaging Treatments: A Focused Review of Clinical Evidence for Conventional and Nanoformulations. Adv. Ther., 39: 5351-5375.

Michalak, M. 2023. Plant Extracts as Skin Care Therapeutic Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24, 15444.

Barna, A. S., & al. Preliminary Approaches to Cosmeceuticals Emulsions Based on N-ProlylPalmitoyl Tripeptide-56 Acetat-Bakkuchiol Complex Intended to Combat Skin Oxidative Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24, 7004.

Mortazavi, S.M., Vadoud, S. A. M., Moghimi, H. R. 2025. Topically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide: advantages, problems and prospective. BioImpacts, 15: 30071.